Interchangeable steel framework construction



Sept. 14, 1937. J SHQDRON 2,092,988

INTERCHANGEABLE STEEL FRAMEWORK CONSTRUCTION Filed Jan. 22, 1955' 9 Sheets-Sheet 1 0 MW 7 F [H N J4 G 2 S I46 L5 L z 1 2 C 'T T 5 T2 g2 1: +5 T J T -52.

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' Sept. 14, 1937. J, G, ISHQDRON 2,092,988

INTERCHANGEABLE STEEL FRAMEWORK CONSTRUCTION Filed Jan. 22, 1955 9 Shets-Sheet 5 N N N Em \t 8 m "A EF Sept. 14, 1937. J. G. SHODRON I INTERCHANGEABLE STEEL FRAMEWORK CONSTRUCTION 9 Sheets-Sheet 6 Filed Jan. 22, 1935 Jmwm ASHODRON,

P 1937: J. a. SHODRON INTERCHANGEABLE STEEL FRAMEWORK CONSTRUCTION Filed Jan. 22, 1935 9 Sheets-Sheet 7 mm E l l'll l l l "I" l l l "I l l I l l b ll I I JM JOHN 6.5HODRON,

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J. G. SHODRON INTERCHANGEABLE STEEL FRAMEWORK CONSTRUCTION Filed Jan. 22, 1935 QMrAmAI/M MMMMIVAIVAIV l/ZlAl/AVAMMIZ 9 Sheets-Sheet 8 (gator/Ma a 14, 1937- J. G. SHODRON INTERCHANGEABLE STEEL FRAMEWORK CONSTRUCTION Filed Jan. 22, i955 9 Sheets-Sheet 9 JOHN G. SHODRON WWW! W mm mm 3 1 Patented Sept. 14, 1937 INTERCHANGEABLE STEEL FRAMEWORK CONSTRUCTION John G. Shodron, Fort Atkinson, Wis., assignor to James Manufacturing Company, Fort Atkinson, Wis, a corporation of Wisconsin Application January 22, 1935, Serial No. 2,899

2 Claims.

This invention relates to building structures and especially to that type of building structure wherein a metallic framework is fabricated at the mill in standardized interchangeable units and assembled at the building location. 1

An object of my invention is to provide a metallic building framework composed of interchangeable structural units which are of inexpensive yet efiicient design, especially for buildin ings having large unobstructed floor space, such as farm buildings.

Another object is to provide such a framework,

the units of which are grouped conveniently and braced efiiciently in such a manner that the units are individually of extremely low weight so that they can be erected without the use of derricks or special hoisting apparatus, and yet of great structural strength when assembled in a building structure. 20 Another object is to provide such a framework wherein the horizontal stresses at the tops of the columns are transmitted to the foundation by an improved system of bracing.

Another object is to provide such a framework wherein the units are adapted for rectangular buildings to' which round ends may be readily added.

Another object is to provide such a framework wherein the columns have offset overhanging portions permitting the use of shorter and, therefore, lighter truss sections.

Another object is to provide such a framework wherein the trusses are joined to the columns in a hinged connection through which the stresses are transmitted.

Another object is to provide an improved anchorage for securing the columns to the foundations.

In the drawings:

Figure l is a plan view of my improved building framework showing the end of a rectangular building with a rounded end portion joined thereto.

Figure 2 is an end elevation of the building shown in Figure 1, illustrating one method of bracing to transmit the horizontal stresses at the tops of the columns to the foundation.

Figure 3 is a modified form of bracing for the same purpose as Figure 2.

Figure 4 is another modified form of bracing for the same purpose as in Figure 2.

Figure 5 is an enlarged plan view of a girt or horizontal member connecting columns shown opposite the section lines 66 in Figure 1.

Figure 6 is'an elevational view of the girt shown in Fi re 5, in the direction of the line 6-6 of Figure 1.

Figure '7 is an elevational section along the line 'i-l of Figure 1, showing the connections and bracing arrangements of a girt to a column'.

Figure 8 is an enlarged plan'view of a first- 5 row strut shown opposite the section line 9-9 of Figure 1.

Figure 9 isan elevational view of the strut shown in Figure 8 in the direction of the line 9-9 of Figure 1.

Figure 10 is a section along the line l@-l0 of Figure 11, showing details of connecting the bracing members to the struts and truss chords.

Figure 11 is an elevational section along the line li-H of Figure 1, showing the connections and bracing arrangements at the transition point between the straight and round sections of the building.

Figure 12 is an enlarged plan view of a secondrow strut shown opposite the line l3l3 in Figure 1.

Figure 13 is an elevational view of the strut shown in Figure 12, in the direction of the line 53-13 of Figure 1.

Figure 14 is a sectional view along the line ifl-Hl of Figure 15, showing details of bracing arrangements in the second-row strut of Figure 12.

Figure 15 is an elevational section along the line l5l5 of Figure 1, showing the connecting arrangements of the second-row strut in Figure 12 at its point of connection with the struts in the round end of the structure.

Figure 16 .ls a plan view of the ridge strut and its connections in the center line of the building. opposite the line lI-ll of Figure 1.

Figure 17 is an elevational view of the ridge strut shown in Figure 16, in the direction of the line "-17 in Figure 1.

Figure 18 is an elevational cross section along the line lB-IS of Figure 1, showing details of the connections and bracing of the ridge strut of Figure 16, at its point of connection with the structural members of the rounded end of the building.

Figure 19 is an elevational cross section through the building in the plane of a pair of columns and-the truss connecting them.

Figure 20 is a perspective view of an anchorage of a column to the foundation, for convenience showing the foundation as transparent.

Figure 21 is a cross section through one of the channel frame members, showing how a wooden nailing strip may be held in such a member to facilitate the holding of walls, roofs or ceilings.

Figure 22 is a plan view of a nailing strip held in a channel frame member shown in Figure 21.

Figure 23 is a side elevation of the nailing strip and channel frame member shown in Figures 21 and 22.

- Figure 24 is an elevational view of a T-section truss portion and its parts, showing a nailing strip riveted to the upper and lower chords thereof.

Figure 25 is an end elevation of the structure shown in Figure 24.

Figure 26 is an elevational view of a groovedsection truss portion showing nailing strips held therein by retaining rods welded thereto.

Figure 2'7 is a cross section along the line 21-21 of Figure 26 when the groove is a U-section.

Figure 28 is a similar cross section along the line 21-21 of Figure 26, when the truss is composed of channel section chords.

Figure 29 is an elevational view of an I-section truss portion, showing a nailing strip held within the grooved chords by angled retaining clips welded thereto.

Figure 30 is a section along the line 30-30 of Figure 29.

Figure 31 is an elevational view of a truss portion composed of angle section members, with nailing strips held therein by welded retaining rods.

Figure 32 is a detailed cross section along the line 32-32 of Figure 31.

Figure 33 is a detailed cross section of a nailing strip held in a V-section truss chord by welded retaining rods.

Figure 34 is an elevation of an ordinary column.

Figure 35 is an elevation of an ordinary column with an offset portion.

Figure 36 is an elevation of an ordinary column with a modified offset portion.

Figure 37 is an elevation of my improved column having an offset portion with a hinged connection to the truss.

Figure 38 is a modified form of my offset column with .a hinged truss connection.

Figure 39 is another modified form of my offset column with its hinged truss connection.

Figure 40 is a further modified form of my offset column with its hinged truss connection.

Figure 41 is an elevation of my plain offset column without a hinged truss connection.

Figure 42 is a cross section along-the line 42-42 of Figure 41.

Figure 43 is a plan view of the entire structure, showing the relationship of the rounded ends and braced bents (Figure 1) to the remainder of the structure.

Figure 44 is an elevation showing a pair of my offset columns of Figure 37 connected by a truss hinged therebetween.

Figure 45 is an elevation of a pair of my modifled columns of Figure 38 with a truss hinged therebetween.

Figure 46 is an elevation of a pair of columns of Figure 37 with a modified form of truss hinged therebetween.

Figure 47 is an elevation showing a pair of the modified columns of Figure 39, supporting a truss hinged therebetween.

Figure 48 is an elevation of a pair of the colunms of Figure 3'7, supporting a truss hinged therebetween.

Figure 49 is an elevation of a pair of the modifled columns of Figure 40, supporting a truss hinged therebetween.

My terminology used herein is explained as follows:

A bay" is a general area unit of the building plan between two adjacent columns and extending the full width of the building in a straight portion thereof, or to the center of the building in a rounded portion thereof.

A panel" is a unit area, usually rectangular, of the structure between a pair of columns and a pair of girts, a pair of trusses and a pair of struts, or a pair of trusses with one girt and one strut.

A bent is a framework unit consisting of a set of columns, a pair of trusses, the struts and the laterals that form the frame over one bay of the building.

A column is a word having the usual meaning in the building art.

A truss is likewise a word having the usual meaning of the building art.

A girt is a horizontal built-up member spacing the colunms apart and bracing them relative to each other. I

A strut is a built-up member connecting spacing and bracing the roof trusses.

Diagonals refer to the tie rods that extend diagonally across the side wall panels from opposite ends of adjacent girts.

Laterals refer to the tie rods that extend diagonally across the upper and lower roof panels from opposite ends of adjacent struts.

In the following drawings and description, the trusses will be described by T-numerals, the columns ,by C-numerals, the girts by G-numerals, the struts by S-numerals, the diagonals by D- numerals and the laterals by L-numerals.

It will be understood that the building framework of my invention may be utilized for a rectangular building with rounded ends, or, if desired, these rounded ends may be omitted and a rectangular building is the result. The manner of bracing the columns in order to transmit the horizontal thrusts to the foundation will be as equally applicable to a flat end as to a rounded end of a building framework.

General construction In general (Figures 1 and 43), the building framework consists of a straight rectangular portion with unbraced bents, which terminates at each end in a bay containing a straight braced bent. Each such straight end bent contains all of the bracing rods as shown in the top portion of Figure 1, with the exception of the bracing rods shown in the central bent of each round end. The intermediate bents lack the cross bracing of the straight end bents. In a very long structure of this type, however, it might be necessary to add a central bent which is cross-braced in the same manner as the straight end bents. With the design illustrated, however, only the end bents of the rectangular portion of the building are considered to be so braced. It will be noted that the cross-bracing rods in the central bent of the round end have been placed only in the outer panel: with my arrangement it has been found unnecessary to use such bracing rods in the inner panels thereof. These cross-bracing rods known as "laterals will be required both in the upper and lower panels of the bracedbentbecause of the depth of the roof trusses. In the side wall panels, however, only one set of the cross-bracing rods known as diagonals will be required aoeaoss Detailed structural arrangement Referring to the drawings in detail. Figure 1 shows the straight end bent of a rectangular building with a round end joined thereto. The straight bent consists generally of girts G-l on the extreme'outer side walls of the bent joining vertical columns C--l and C-2. Parallel with the girts (3-! are outer struts S- spaced inwardly from the girts G-l and connected therewith by the laterals L-l and L2. Crossing the building between the columns C-l is a truss Ti, while between the columns C2 runs a similar truss T-2. Spaced inwardly from the outer struts S| are struts S-3 parallel to the outer struts S-! and connected with them by the laterals L3 and L-fl. Down the center of the building runs the ridge strut St, connected with the inner struts S 3 by the laterals I.r5 and L-B.

The round end of the building is separated into bents by the columns C2 and the glrts 6-2 connecting them. Running inwardly from the column C-2 to the end of the ridge strut S4 are trusses T--3, T-4, T5, and T6. Spaced inwardly from the girts G-2 and connecting the trusses T-2, T-3, T-t, T5, and T6 are the outer struts S--2. The panels bounded by the struts 8-2, the girts G--2 and the trusses which they separate are free from the bracing rods known as laterals except in the outer panel of the central bent, Where the girt G2 is connected to the outer strut S2 by the laterals L-l. and L-8. The inner struts 5-5 connecting the trusses T-2, T3, T-fi, T5, and T-E consist merely of a pair of rods without any secondary bracing, as it has been bound that the convergence of the truss materially reward by this braced bent.

duces the loads and span so that no cross-bracing or built-up construction is necessary for the inner struts 8-5. (Figure 43).

Manner of bracing columns to transmit stresses to foundations In Figures 2, 3, and 4 are shown alternative methods of bracing the columns by the cross braces known as diagonals" in order to transmit the horizontal stresses from the tops of the columns to the foundations. These stresses naturally occur with greatest intensity where the braced end bents of the building are located, since all the horizontal roof stresses are carried out- In Figure 2 these stresses are transmitted into the side wall panels directly under this braced bent and carried by the diagonals Dl and D-2 and the girts (3-2 and G3. In the central upper panel, the diagonals D-l connect the top of each column C-2 with the middle of the opposite column 0-2, the columns being centrally held together by the girt (3-3. In the lower panel thereof the diagonals D2 perform a similar function, and the girt G-i ties the columns C 2 together near their bottom ends. The girts G-4 are unnecessary for structural strength since their points of attachment are so near the points where the bases of the columns are attached to the foundation that the stresses are transmitted directly, by the columns to the foundation. They are useful, however, for spacing the bottoms of the. columns during erection, and for attaching the side walls and other structural members of the building.

The alternative arrangement shown in Figure 3 employs diagonals D-l in the central upper panel and diagonals D2 in the side wall panels connecting the girts and columns previously described. In this arrangement the stress is transmitted into the immediately adjacent side wall panel where it is carried by the girts G2 and v ferred arrangement since it gives great strength and yet leaves the two central panels free for doors or windows. Here the stresses are transmitted horizontally through the girts G2 into the side wall panels on either side of the braced roof bent and then carried downward into two bays of two panels each through the diagonals D-i and D2 and the girts G-2 and G3.

The arrangements of diagonals in Figures 2, 3, and 4 have been described in connection with a building having a rounded end. Any one of these arrangements, however, can be utilized in astructure with straight ends by applying it to the first straight bay where the diagonals extend into the first radial bay on one side and into a straight bay on the other. In addition it might also be applied to an intermediate straight braced bay where the side wall panels in adjacent bays are in the same plane as those of the braced bay.

Structural arrangement of girts and struts troughs 6 to the chords l and 2, or else separate 1 strips may be used and welded at their opposite ends to their respective chords as shown in Figure 5.

The means of attaching the diagonals and girts to the column, as well as the first panel laterals,

is shown in Figures 5, 6, and 7. The columns C! and C2 are provided with plates 1 drilled to receive two bolts 8 and 9. These bolts pass through the end connections I0 and H of girts G-l and (3-2 respectively. The bolt 9 carries a clip angle II, the outstanding part of which is positioned to receive the end of a diagonal such as D--l or D-3. The end of such a diagonal is threaded to receive a nut l3 which secures the diagonal to the clip l2. Figure '7 shows the arrangements of these parts, the projection of the lattice bi-ace 4 having been omitted for the sake of clearness. I

The trusses T-l, T2,, etc. terminate in flat bars M which are punched to receive two bolts l5 and I6 which secure them to the extensions ll of the columns Cl,.C-2, etc. To the bolts [5 and I6 are secured clip angles l8 and I9 which are punched to receive the threaded ends of The lattice members 4 may consist of a.

laterals L-| and L--2 in the same manner previously described for the diagonals D-l.

Figures 8, 9, 10, and 11 show the connections and construction of the outer struts at the location where the straight portion of the building joins the rounded portion. -'I'he trusses T--|, T2, etc. have U-shaped clips 26 welded to their upper and lower chords 2| and 22, respectively. The struts SI and S2 terminate in flat bars 23 and 24 which are punched to receive the bolts 25 which fasten them to the U-shaped clips 26. The bolts 25 also fasten an open U-shaped bar 21 to the clip 20. This clip bar 21 is punched to receive the laterals from adjacent panels on each of its outstanding legs. The upper clip bar 21 receives the laterals LI and L3, whereas the lowerone receives the laterals L-2 and L4. Figure 10 shows the manner in which the flat bar 24 is welded to the chord of the strut 8-2 on an angle so as to meet the clip 20, surface to surface. The lattice members 28 of the struts S--| are welded to the upper and lower chords 29 and 30 thereof in the same manner as has been previously described for the girts G--|. The upper and lower chords 25 and 36 are also joined by the cross members 3|.

Figures 12, 13, 14, and 15 show the inner strut S3 and its related parts. The inner strut S3 is similar in construction to the outer strut Sl, and is fastened in the same manner. The strut consists of upper and lower members 32 and 33 connected by cross members 34 and by the lattice braces 35 welded to the chords. Similar U-shaped clips 26 are joined to the upper and lower chord members 2| and 22 of the trusses T|, T2, etc., and these on one side have secured to them the flat bar portions 36 in which the upper and lower strut members 32 and 33 terminate, as by the nuts 4|.

As previously mentioned, the inner struts 8-5 of the rounded portion of the building consist merely of the simple rods 31 and 38 without any lattice bracing or cross ties being necessary. Accordingly, in Figure 13 it will be seen how these upper and lower rods 31 and 38 are joined to the U-shaped clip 26 by being passed therethrough and held with nuts 40 on their threaded ends. Similar clip bars 21 are also held in place by the nuts 4|, and through their legs pass the laterals L3 and L for the upper chord 32, and L-4 and L6 for the lower chord 33.

Ridge strut construction The ridge strut S4 running along the center line of the building is heavier than the other struts since it carries the opposed forces of the opposite round ends of the building, these forces converging on the center line. The details of this ridge strut S4, together with its connections to the radial trusses T3, T-4, T5, and T-6 and the transverse trusses T| and T2 are shown in Figures 16, 17, and 18. Secured inside the top and bottom chords 2| and 22, repsectively, of the trusses T| and T--2 are flat plates 42 and 43 arranged back to back and punched for four bolts 44, 45, 46, and 41, respectively. The ends 48 and 49 of the ridge strut S4 abut face to face on the flat plates 42. and 43 respectively, and are held in engagement therewith by the two inner bolts 45 and 46, respectively. The two outer bolts 44 and 41 carry the upper clips 56 and the lower clips 5| through holes in which pass the threaded ends of the laterals L5 and L6, these laterals being held in place by the nuts 52.

The ends of the radially disposed trusses T3,

T4, T-5, and T6 are connected with the ridge strut S4 through semi-circular connector castings 53 and 54. The upper casting 53 contains radially disposed arms 55 which extend beneath the ends 56 of the top chords of the radial trusses T3, T4, T5, and T6 and also extend so as to connect casting 54 with the upper casting as shown by Figure 17, these ends 56 having holes 51 and 58 which match with corresponding holes in the connector casting 53, permitting bolts 59 and 66 to be inserted. The lower connector casting 54 resembles the upper one 53. In order to keep it from projecting below the ceiling line and yet avoid clamping on the flanges rather than on the web of the lower chords of the radial trusses T3, T-4, T-5, and T6, the lower chords 6| rest against the lower connector 54. A fiat bar 62 is welded to the top side of the radial truss lower chords 6| and extends over the lower connector 54, a connection being made therethrough by the bolts 63. The lower connector casting 54 is bolted to the truss plate 43 .in the same manner as the upper connector casting 53 is bolted to the plate 42.

Foundation and column anchorage The manner of anchoring the columns to the foundation is shown in Figure 20. From the base plate 64 of the column, a long U-shaped anchor rod 65 extends downward into the foundation material which is generally of Portland cement. The upper ends of this rod 65 are threaded and engage the base plate 64 of the column by means of nuts 66. At an intermediate point along each arm of the anchor rod 65 are attached link members 61 and 68, meeting in a common connection 69 with a cross rod 10. The cross rod continues horizontally through the concrete for a considerable distance, as is better shown in Figure 19, terminating in an angled end 1| whereby it is given a greater holding power in the concrete. In this manner the column is securely anchored and the stresses coming from it are conveyed into the foundation.

Attachment of wall and roof coverings The wall and roof coverings are not bolted directly to the metal columns, but are fastened to wooden nailing strips which are secured in the grooved portions of the metal frame members. Several arrangements for holding these nailing strips are shown in Figures 21 to 33 inclusive. It is to be understood, however, that the subjectmatter of these nailing strips has been reserved to be claimed in a separate application for Letters Patent, and accordingly will not be claimed herein.

In Figure 21 is shown a cross section of a typical metal frame member 12 of a channel section type. Within the channel groove is fitted a wooden nailing strip 13. To secure this nailing strip within the channel, however, are provided retaining rods I5 which extend across the channel and are secured to either flange thereof by the welded connections 16, as will be better understood from Figures 22 and 23. The wood strip preferably extends partly above the level of the channel flanges, and in that case is grooved as at 11 to receive the retaining rods 15.

When it is desired to add the roof or wall coverings, these are readily nailed, either directly to the mailing strips 13, or else to purlins which are in turn nailed to the nailing strips 13. This con struction results in a very strong frame member which is also exceedingly light in weight. The

that it maybe picked up and carried by one man. i The simplest tools and arrangements may thus be used in the erection of the structure, since the complicated portions thereof have been completely fabricated at the mill.

Figures 24 and 25 illustrate a frame structure having T-section chords 18, to which the nailing strips 13 are attached by means of the rivets l9 extending therethrough. The welded attachment of the lattice members 80- to the upper and lower chords of the truss is very clearly shown.

In Figure 26 is shown a structural member of a grooved cross section wherein the nailing strip is held within the groove by welded retaining rods in the manner previously described. In Figure 27 the groove of the chord member 8| is shown as of a U-section and, in Figure 28, of a channel section.

In Figures 29 and 30 is shown a frame structure having I-section chords 82. The nailing strips 13 are secured within one groove of the I-section.

30 by U-shaped retaining rods 83 (Figure 30), the ends of which are welded to the flanges of the chord member in the manner previously described.

In Figure 29, the lattice members 80 are shown as consisting of a continuous rod which is bent into an undulating form, the crests and troughs of which are welded to the chords in the manner shown. In Figures 24 and 26, the lattice members 80 were shown as consisting of separate 40 pieces welded at their ends to the chord members.

In Figure 31 is shown a frame structure whose chords 84 are of angle section or L-section, a cross section of one connection being shown in Figure 32. The nailing strip 13 is secured be- 45 tween the flanges of the L-sections 84 by the use of retaining rods 15 welded thereto.

In Figure 33 is shown a cross section through a V-section chord member 85. The nailing strip 13 is of modified triangular section, and is held in 50 the groove of the chord 85 by the usual welded retaining rods 15.

Column and truss construction shown in use in Figure 19. This column consists of channel members 86 and I1 joined'by cross members 88 and lattice members 89. The upper 65 portion of the channel member has an offset Figures 41 and 42 show a type of column which is especially suitable, and which is direction so that its tip 90 overhangs the base of the column by a considerable amount. The base plate 64 of the column has already been described in connection with its .anchorage to the foundation.

The columns shown in Figures 37 to 40 inclusive are of my overhanging construction. At the outermost upper tip SI of each column consists of v :a hinge member to which the end of a truss member may be pivotally attached by means of a corresponding hinge portion.

In Figures 44 to 49 inclusive are shown various types of trusses and columns having my hinged connection 91 therebetween. Each of the columns has a hinge point 9| which considerably overhangs the base of the column, thus shortening the length of the truss anddecreasing the weight thereof. further facilitates the erection of the structure. Figures 44, .46, and 48 show the type of column of Figure 3'1 with various types of trusses. Figure 45 shows the Figure .38 column, Figure 47 the Figure 39 column, and

being strongly cross braced, as' shown in Figures partially braced. The other trusses T in the straight portion of the building between the trusses T-l lack this cross bracing, being connected merely by the girts 6-1, the outer struts S2 and the ridge struts 8-4. Each truss has upper chords 2| lower chords 22, cross-members 93 and lattice members 94.

It will be understood that I desire to compre hend within my invention such modifications as may be necessary to adapt it to varying conditions and uses.

Having thus fully described my invention, what I claim as new and desire to secure by Letters Patent is:

1. In a building structure. a truss having upper and lower chords, and supporting members attached to the midpoint of said upper and lower chords for the support of trusses arranged radially outward therefrom, and means connecting said supporting members.

and lower chords, and supporting members attached to the midpoint of said upper and lower chords for the support of trusses arranged radially outwardly therefrom, means connecting said supporting members, and at least one of said supporting members having radially disposed arms attached thereto.

JOHN G. SHODRON.

'; 2. In a building structure, a truss having upper 

